A study published in the September 2016 issue of the Journal of Endodontics by Di Nasso et al evaluated the influences of music on patients anxiety and perceptions of pain during endodontic procedures.  In their Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial they measured changes in blood pressure and heart rate before, during, and after root canal treatment in a population of 100 patients.  The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups of 50, one group listening to music during the procedure and the second group not listening to music.  Their results indicated that patients that listened to music during their root canal procedure had lower blood pressures and heart rates compared to those that did not listen to music.  In conclusion, their study shows that music can be a nonpharmacologic aid in reducing a patient's anxiety levels and perceptions of pain during dental procedures.